Canal Construction on River Systems and the Concerns of Sindh and Its People

Prof Dr. Abdullah G Arijo

The ongoing debate regarding the construction of canals on river systems in Pakistan has raised considerable concerns, particularly for the people of Sindh province. This dispute, which interweaves political, environmental, and social dimensions, highlights the historical tensions between Sindh and other parties over water resource management in the country. Sindh’s apprehensions stem from longstanding fears of inequity, environmental degradation, and the potential loss of livelihoods for its residents.

Historical Context

Water disputes in Pakistan have deep historical and geographical roots. Sindh, as a lower riparian province, has historically relied on the Indus River for agriculture, drinking water, and livelihoods. The Indus Basin Water Treaty signed between Pakistan and India in 1960, allocated the Indus River and its tributaries primarily to Pakistan. This agreement was a pivotal moment in water management but also sparked inter-provincial tensions regarding water distribution.

Over the decades, the construction of dams, barrages, and canals to harness river waters has become a divisive issue. The primary concerns of Sindh have centered on the loss of its share of water, which it deems essential for maintaining its agricultural output, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic stability.

The Current Canal Construction Issues

Recent plans to construct new canals along the river systems have reignited these concerns. These projects are seen by some provinces as a necessity to meet their water demands and agricultural expansion. However, Sindh has vehemently opposed such undertakings, citing a range of valid concerns:

Water Allocation and Equity Concerns

Sindh contends that these projects could lead to an imbalance in water distribution, further depriving the province of its fair share. As the last province in the riparian chain, Sindh already faces significant water shortages, which adversely impact its agriculture and drinking water supplies.

Impact on Agriculture

Sindh’s economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, and the construction of canals upstream could reduce the flow of water to its lands. This has the potential to disrupt crop yields and exacerbate food insecurity.

Environmental Degradation

The reduced water flow to the Indus Delta—a region vital for biodiversity and local communities—is a major environmental concern. The delta is already suffering from reduced freshwater flows, which have led to seawater intrusion, loss of fertile land, and the endangerment of unique ecosystems.

Socioeconomic Challenges

The livelihoods of millions of Sindhi people depend on farming, fishing, and related activities. Any reduction in water availability directly threatens their way of life, compounding economic challenges and fostering resentment.

The Voices of Sindh’s People

Beyond institutional objections, the masses in Sindh have raised their voices against the canal construction. Many Sindhis see this as an existential threat not only to their water rights but also to their culture and identity, which are deeply tied to the Indus River. Protests, campaigns, and calls for dialogue have become common as the people demand a more inclusive approach to water resource management.

Increasing land degradation in Indus delta has pushed people like Nathi Mallah to switch from farming to fishing [Manesh Kumar/Al Jazeera]

Towards a Solution

Addressing this contentious issue requires a collaborative and equitable approach. Stakeholders must prioritize transparency in decision-making, adhering to the principles of water apportionment outlined in the 1991 Water Accord. Trust-building measures, such as engaging Sindh’s political and community leaders in meaningful dialogues, are crucial for finding a middle ground.

Furthermore, exploring modern water conservation technologies, improving canal efficiency, and considering alternatives to large-scale canal construction could help mitigate the adverse impacts. Environmental impact assessments and strict adherence to sustainable practices must also be a cornerstone of any project.

The concerns of Sindh and its people regarding the construction of canals on river systems must not be overlooked. The Indus River serves as more than just a vital resource for the province—it is a fundamental component of Sindh’s cultural heritage and economic framework. Successfully addressing this issue requires not only technical expertise but also a genuine commitment to fairness, sustainability, and inter-provincial harmony. Only by doing so can Pakistan ensure that its water resources foster unity rather than division.